Use scientific consensus, replication crisis, peer review, preprint accurately in context
Read and discuss a topic-specific article at B2 level
Practise speaking fluently on trust, expertise, and public understanding
Complete written exercises with vocabulary in context
Teaching Notes
Warm-up: allow 8-10 min, let personal answers develop
Article: read together or have students read silently first
Vocabulary match: good for pair work
Speaking: encourage full sentences, not one-word answers
Exit questions: 5-min closer, no prep needed
Timing Guide
Warm-up: 8 min
Article + comprehension: 12 min
Vocabulary + match: 10 min
Exercises: 10 min
Speaking + discussion: 15 min
Exit + recap: 5 min
Teacher Question Bank
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B2 · Lesson 37 · Trust, Expertise, and Public Understanding
Science and Society
Trust, Expertise, and Public Understandingscientific consensusreplication crisispeer review
Getting started
Warm-Up Questions
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Read & Understand
Article
Science and Society
The relationship between science and society has never been more consequential or more contested. Scientific institutions face simultaneous pressures: a replication crisis that has undermined confidence in published findings; growing public scepticism amplified by social media; commercial interests that distort research agendas; and the challenge of communicating genuine uncertainty without being misread as ignorance. The instinct to say 'the science is settled' — however understandable as a communication strategy — is itself a misrepresentation of how science works. Science is a process of perpetual revision in the face of evidence. What distinguishes it from ideology is not certainty but method: the commitment to falsifiability, peer review, and the possibility of being wrong. Understanding that distinction — and communicating it honestly — is the urgent task of science communication.
💡 Did you know? In 2015, the Reproducibility Project attempted to replicate 100 published psychology studies. Only 36% produced results consistent with the original findings. The crisis prompted major reforms in how psychology studies are designed, reported, and reviewed.
Topic: Trust, Expertise, and Public Understanding
Key words
Vocabulary
01
scientific consensus
the collective judgement of experts in a field on a particular question
02
replication crisis
the widespread failure to reproduce published scientific findings
03
peer review
the evaluation of research by independent experts in the same field before publication
04
preprint
a research paper shared publicly before peer review
05
open science
the movement to make scientific research, data, and findings freely accessible
06
conflict of interest
a situation in which personal gain could compromise professional judgement
07
science communication
the practice of explaining scientific ideas to non-specialist audiences
08
precautionary principle
the idea that action should be taken to prevent harm even under scientific uncertainty
09
statistical significance
a measure of whether a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance
010
falsifiability
the quality of a claim that makes it testable and potentially refutable
Match the Words
Click a word on the left, then click its definition on the right.
scientific consensus
replication crisis
peer review
preprint
open science
conflict of interest
science communication
precautionary principle
statistical significance
falsifiability
the idea that action should be taken to prevent harm even under scientific uncertainty
a research paper shared publicly before peer review
the evaluation of research by independent experts in the same field before publication
a measure of whether a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance
a situation in which personal gain could compromise professional judgement
the practice of explaining scientific ideas to non-specialist audiences
the quality of a claim that makes it testable and potentially refutable
the movement to make scientific research, data, and findings freely accessible
the collective judgement of experts in a field on a particular question
the widespread failure to reproduce published scientific findings
Say it right
Pronunciation
scientific consensus
SCIENTIFIC consensus
replication crisis
REPLICATION crisis
peer review
PEER review
preprint
PR-ep-rint
open science
OPEN science
conflict of interest
CONFLICT of interest
Read & Discuss
Short Dialogue
A:
I've been thinking a lot about scientific consensus recently.
B:
Really? What's your take on it?
A:
I think the issue of replication crisis is often misunderstood.
B:
I agree. Most people don't consider the impact of peer review.
A:
Exactly. And when you add preprint into the mix, it gets complicated.
B:
So what do you think the solution is?
A:
Honestly? It requires both individual action and systemic change.
B:
That's a fair point. It's never just one or the other.
Comprehension
What topic are they discussing?
What does person B agree with?
What does person A say the solution requires?
Practice
Exercises
Gap Fill
Complete each sentence using vocabulary from today's lesson.
1. on climate change is overwhelming — yet public belief does not reflect this.
2. The has shaken confidence in findings from psychology and nutrition science.
3. is imperfect but remains the best available quality-control mechanism for science.
4. COVID-19 accelerated the use of s — with significant benefits and risks.
5. reduces duplication and increases reproducibility of findings.
Error Correction
Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
The scientific consensus of data has raise serious concerns.
Despite of the challenges, they succeeded.
The report, that was published last year, is relevant.
She suggested to review the preprint more carefully.
Speaking practice
Speaking Prompts
Discuss with your partner
How much do you trust scientific institutions? Has this changed in recent years and why?
Should scientists communicate uncertainty more clearly, even if it is exploited by those who deny consensus?
Is the replication crisis a sign that science is broken — or that it is working as it should?
Summarise today's topic in 3 sentences using vocabulary from this lesson.
Grammar focus: Hedged reporting for scientific claims: Studies suggest / indicate / are consist... — can you give an example?
Open discussion
Discussion Generator
More Questions
Use with pairs or whole class · Encourage full answers
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Debate
Hot Takes
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✓ Agree
✗ Disagree
End of lesson
Exit Questions
Discuss in pairs — 5 minutes
Recap
Vocabulary
scientific consensus, replication crisis, peer review, preprint, open science, conflict of interest, science communication, precautionary principle, statistical significance, falsifiability
Article
Science and Society — reading & comprehension
Practice
Gap fill, error correction, vocabulary matching
Speaking
Prompts, discussion generator& hot takes debate
Homework
Write an essay (10-12 sentences) on how scientific findings should be communicated to the public. Address: the tension between clarity and accuracy, the risk of overclaiming, and what responsible science communication looks like.