Universal Basic Income — a regular, unconditional payment to all citizens — has moved from the fringes to the mainstream of economic debate. Supporters argue that it would provide a cushion against automation-driven job displacement, reduce the bureaucracy and stigma of means-tested benefits, and enable more people to take creative or entrepreneurial risks. Critics counter that it would be prohibitively expensive, potentially inflationary, and might reduce the incentive to work. Evidence from pilot programmes in Finland, Kenya, and Stockton, California has generally shown positive outcomes: reduced anxiety, improved health, and no significant reduction in employment. The debate ultimately reflects deeper disagreements about the relationship between work, dignity, and social contribution.

💡 Did you know? Thomas Paine, one of the founding fathers of the United States, proposed a form of universal basic income in 1797. The idea is far older than most people realise.